Kusvika kwechip ichi kwakachinja nzira yekuvandudza chip!
Mukupera kwema1970, 8-bit processors yaive ichiri tekinoroji yepamusoro panguva iyoyo, uye maitiro eCMOS aive asina kunaka mumunda wesemiconductor. Mainjiniya kuAT&T Bell Labs vakatora nhanho yakashinga kupinda mune ramangwana, vachibatanidza yekucheka-kumucheto 3.5-micron CMOS maitiro ekugadzira ane hunyanzvi 32-bit processor architecture mukuyedza kukunda vakwikwidzi mu chip performance, inodarika IBM neIntel.
Kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwavo, iyo Bellmac-32 microprocessor, yakatadza kuwana budiriro yekutengeserana yezvigadzirwa zvekare seIntel 4004 (yakaburitswa muna 1971), pesvedzero yayo yaive yakadzama. Nhasi, machipisi angangoita ese mafoni, malaptop, uye mahwendefa anovimba neanopindirana simbi-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) nheyo dzakapayona neBellmac-32.
Ma1980 akange ave kusvika, uye AT&T yaive ichiedza kuzvishandura. Kwemakumi emakore, hofori yenharembozha yainzi "Amai Bell" yaive yakatonga bhizinesi rekutaurirana nezwi muUnited States, uye inotsigira Western Electric yakagadzira dzinenge dzese nharembozha mudzimba dzeAmerica nemahofisi. Hurumende yemubatanidzwa yeUS yakakurudzira kuparara kwebhizinesi reAT&T nezvikonzero zveantitrust, asi AT&T yakaona mukana wekupinda mundima yekombuta.
Nemakambani emakombuta atove akanyatso kusimbiswa mumusika, AT&T yakaona zvakaoma kubata; zano rayo raive rekusvetuka datya, uye Bellmac-32 yaive nhanho yayo.
Mhuri yeBellmac-32 chip yakapihwa mubairo weIEEE Milestone Award. Mhemberero dzekuzarura dzichaitwa gore rino paNokia Bell Labs campus muMurray Hill, New Jersey, uye paComputer History Museum muMountain View, California.
UNIQUE CHIP
Panzvimbo pekutevera chiyero cheindasitiri che8-bit machipisi, vakuru veAT&T vakadenha mainjiniya eBell Labs kuti vagadzire chigadzirwa chekuchinja: yekutanga yekutengesa microprocessor inokwanisa kuendesa makumi matatu nemaviri edata muwachi imwe chete. Izvi zvaingoda kwete chipu chitsva chete asiwo chivakwa chitsva — icho chaigona kubata kuchinjika kwenharembozha uye kushanda semusana wemakomputa emangwana.
"Hatisi kungovaka chip chinokurumidza," akadaro Michael Condry, anotungamira boka rezvivakwa paBell Labs 'Holmdel, New Jersey, nzvimbo. "Tiri kuedza kugadzira chip inogona kutsigira zvose inzwi uye compute."
Panguva iyoyo, tekinoroji yeCMOS yaionekwa seimwe inovimbisa asi ine njodzi kune NMOS uye PMOS magadzirirwo. NMOS machipi aivimba zvachose neN-mhando transistors, iyo yaikurumidza asi ine nzara yesimba, nepo PMOS machipi aivimba nekufamba kwemakomba akachajiwa zvakanaka, ayo ainyanya kunonoka. CMOS yakashandisa dhizaini yakasanganiswa iyo yakawedzera kumhanya ichichengetedza simba. Zvakanakira CMOS zvaimanikidza zvekuti indasitiri yakakurumidza kuona kuti kunyangwe yaida zvakapetwa kaviri transistors (NMOS nePMOS yegedhi rega rega), zvaive zvakakosha.
Nekukurumidza kusimudzira tekinoroji yesemiconductor inotsanangurwa neMurairo waMoore, mutengo wekupetwa kaviri transistor density wakagoneka uye nekuzotadza kutarisika. Nekudaro, Bell Labs payakatanga kubhejera uku kune njodzi huru, hombe-yekugadzira tekinoroji yeCMOS yakanga isina kuratidzwa uye mutengo waive wakakwira.
Izvi hazvina kutyisa Bell Labs. Iyo kambani yakakwevera pahunyanzvi hwemakampasi ayo muHolmdel, Murray Hill, uye Naperville, Illinois, uye yakaunganidza "chikwata chezviroto" chemasemiconductor mainjiniya. Chikwata ichi chaisanganisira Condrey, Steve Conn, nyeredzi iri kusimukira mukugadzira chip, Victor Huang, mumwe mugadziri wemicroprocessor, uye akawanda evashandi kubva kuAT&T Bell Labs. Vakatanga kugona chirongwa chitsva cheCMOS muna 1978 uye kuvaka 32-bit microprocessor kubva pakutanga.
Tanga nekugadzira zvivakwa
Condrey aimbova IEEE Fellow uye akazoshanda seIntel's Chief Technology Officer. Chikwata chezvivakwa chaaitungamira chakazvipira kuvaka sisitimu yaitsigira Unix yekushandisa uye mutauro weC. Panguva iyoyo, vese Unix nemutauro weC vaive vachiri mudiki, asi vaifanirwa kutonga. Kuti vadambure muganho wakanyanya kukosha wekilobytes (KB) panguva iyoyo, vakaunza mirairo yakaoma seti yaida matanho mashoma ekuuraya uye yaigona kupedza mabasa mukati mewachi imwe chete.
Mainjiniya akagadzirawo machipisi anotsigira VersaModule Eurocard (VME) bhazi rakafanana, iro rinogonesa kugoverwa komputa uye inobvumira akawanda node kugadzirisa data nenzira yakafanana. VME-inoenderana machipisi zvakare inoita kuti ishandiswe kune chaiyo-nguva kutonga.
Chikwata chakanyora chayo vhezheni yeUnix uye ndokuchipa chaiyo-nguva hunyanzvi kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenderana nemaindasitiri otomatiki uye mamwe maapplication. Bell Labs mainjiniya akagadzirawo domino logic, iyo yakawedzera kukurumidza kugadzirisa nekudzikisa kunonoka mumasuwo akaomarara.
Kuwedzera bvunzo uye nzira dzekuongorora dzakagadzirwa uye dzakaunzwa neBellmac-32 module, yakaoma yakawanda-chip verification uye purojekiti yekuyedza inotungamirwa naJen-Hsun Huang iyo yakawana zero kana pedyo-zero kukanganisa mukugadzira chip. Ichi chaive chekutanga munyika cheyedzo yakakura kwazvo yakabatanidzwa yedunhu (VLSI). Mainjiniya eBell Labs akagadzira hurongwa hwakarongeka, vakadzokorodza basa revamwe vavo, uye vakapedzisira vawana kubatana kusina musono kumhuri dzakawanda dzechip, zvichizoguma mune yakakwana microcomputer system.
Inotevera inouya yakanyanya kunetsa chikamu: iyo chaiyo kugadzira chip.
“Panguva iyoyo, magadzirirwo, bvunzo, uye matekinoroji ekugadzira goho guru akanga ari mashoma zvikuru,” anoyeuka kudaro Kang, uyo akazova purezidhendi weKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) nemumwe weIEEE. Anocherekedza kuti kushaikwa kwezvishandiso zveCAD zvekusimbisa-yakazara-chip kwakamanikidza timu kudhinda madhirowa akawandisa eCalcomp. Aya ma schematics anoratidza kuti ma transistors, waya, uye ma-interconnect anofanira kurongeka sei mukati me chip kuti ipe chinodiwa chinobuda. Chikwata chakavaunganidza pasi netepi, vachigadzira giant square drawing inodarika mamita matanhatu padivi. Kang nevamwe vake-vakadhirowa nemaoko dunhu rega rega mumapenzura ane mavara, vachitsvaga zvakaputsika zvinongedzo uye kupindirana kana kubatwa zvisina kunaka.
Kamwe dhizaini yemuviri yapera, timu yakatarisana nerimwe dambudziko: kugadzira. Machipisi akagadzirwa paWestern Electric chirimwa muAllentown, Pennsylvania, asi Kang anoyeuka kuti chiyero chegoho (chikamu chemachipisi pawaferi akasangana nekuita uye zvemhando yepamusoro) chaive chakaderera.
Kuti agadzirise izvi, Kang nevamwe vake vakatyaira kuenda kuchirimwa kubva kuNew Jersey mazuva ese, vakamonera maoko avo uye vakaita zvese zvaidiwa, kusanganisira kutsvaira pasi nekugadzirisa midziyo yekuyedza, kuvaka hushamwari uye kugonesa munhu wese kuti chigadzirwa chakaomesesa chakamboyedza kugadzira icho chirimwa chinogona kugadzirwa ipapo.
"Kuvaka timu kwakafamba zvakanaka," akadaro Kang. "Mushure memwedzi mishoma, Western Electric yakakwanisa kugadzira machipisi emhando yepamusoro muhuwandu hwaipfuura zvaidiwa."
Yekutanga vhezheni yeBellmac-32 yakaburitswa muna 1980, asi yakatadza kuita zvaitarisirwa. Yayo yekuita yaitariswa frequency yaingova 2 MHz, kwete 4 MHz. Mainjiniya vakaona kuti michina yechizvino-zvino yeTakeda Riken yekuyedza yavaishandisa panguva iyoyo yaive isina kunaka, ine mitsara yekutapurirana pakati peprobe nemusoro webvunzo zvichikonzera kuyerwa kwakashata. Vakashanda nechikwata cheTakeda Riken kugadzira tafura yekururamisa kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvekuyera.
Chizvarwa chechipiri cheBellmac machipisi aive nekumhanya kwewachi inodarika 6.2 MHz, dzimwe nguva yakakwira se9 MHz. Izvi zvairangarirwa nokukurumidza zvikuru panguva iyoyo. Iyo 16-bit Intel 8088 processor yakaburitswa IBM muPC yayo yekutanga muna 1981 yaive newachi yekumhanya ye4.77 MHz chete.
Nei Bellmac-32 isina't kuva mukuru
Pasinei nechivimbiso chayo, tekinoroji yeBellmac-32 haina kuwana kupararira kwekutengesa kwekutengesa. Sekureva kwaCondrey, AT&T yakatanga kutarisa mugadziri wemidziyo NCR mukupera kwema1980 uye yakazotendeukira kukutora, izvo zvaireva kuti kambani yakasarudza kutsigira akasiyana chip chigadzirwa mitsara. Panguva iyoyo, pesvedzero yeBellmac-32 yakanga yatanga kukura.
"Bellmac-32 isati yasvika, NMOS yakatonga musika," akadaro Condry. "Asi CMOS yakachinja mamiriro nekuti yakaratidza kuve nzira inoshanda yekuishandisa mumachira."
Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvakagadzirisa indasitiri ye semiconductor. CMOS yaizove hwaro hwemamicroprocessors emazuva ano, achisimbisa shanduko yedhijitari mumidziyo yakaita semakomputa edesktop uye mafoni.
Kuedza kwakashinga kweBell Labs-kushandisa nzira isina kuedzwa yekugadzira uye kutenderera chizvarwa chese chekugadzira chip-chaive chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yetekinoroji.
Sokutaura kunoita Purofesa Kang: “Takanga tiri pamberi pane zvaibvira. Muzvinafundo Huang, akazove mutevedzeri wemukuru weSingapore Institute of Microelectronics uye ari zvakare IEEE Fellow, anowedzera kuti: "Izvi zvaisanganisira kwete chete chip chivakwa uye dhizaini, asiwo yakakura-chiyero chip verification - uchishandisa CAD asi isina yanhasi maturusi ekuenzanisa edhijitari kana kunyange mabhodhi echingwa (nzira yakajairwa yekutarisa dhizaini yegadziriro yemagetsi uchishandisa machipi pamberi pezvikamu zvedunhu."
Condry, Kang naHuang vanotarisa kumashure panguva iyoyo nerudo uye vanoratidza kuyemura hunyanzvi uye kuzvipira kwevashandi vazhinji veAT&T avo kuedza kwavo kwakaita kuti mhuri yeBellmac-32 chip igoneke.
Nguva yekutumira: May-19-2025