Kusvika kwechip ichi kwakachinja mafambiro ekugadzirwa kwechip!
Mukupera kwema1970, mapurosesa e8-bit aive achiri tekinoroji yepamusoro panguva iyoyo, uye mapurosesa eCMOS aive asina kunaka mumunda we semiconductor. Mainjiniya eAT&T Bell Labs vakatora danho rakasimba mune ramangwana, vachisanganisa mapurosesa emhando yepamusoro e3.5-micron CMOS nemapurosesa matsva e32-bit mukuedza kukunda vakwikwidzi mukushanda kwemachipisi, vachipfuura IBM neIntel.
Kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwavo, Bellmac-32 microprocessor, kwakakundikana kubudirira mukutengeserana kwezvigadzirwa zvekare zvakaita seIntel 4004 (yakaburitswa muna 1971), simba rayo rakanga rakakura. Nhasi uno, machipisi ari mumafoni ese, malaptop, nemapiritsi anovimba nemisimboti ye complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) yakatangwa neBellmac-32.
Makore ekuma1980 akanga ava kusvika, uye AT&T yakanga ichiedza kuzvishandura. Kwemakumi emakore, hofori yekutaurirana ine zita rekuti "Mother Bell" yakanga ichitonga bhizinesi rekutaurirana nezwi muUnited States, uye kambani yayo yeWestern Electric yaigadzira nhare dzese dzakajairika mudzimba nemumahofisi ekuAmerica. Hurumende yeUS yakakurudzira kuti bhizinesi reAT&T riparadzwe nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekusavimbika, asi AT&T yakaona mukana wekupinda mubasa remakombiyuta.
Nemakambani emakombiyuta atove akasimba pamusika, AT&T yakaona zvakaoma kuashandisa; hurongwa hwayo hwaive hwekusvetuka-svetuka, uye Bellmac-32 ndiyo yaive nzira yayo yekutanga.
Mhuri yemachipisi eBellmac-32 yakapihwa mubairo weIEEE Milestone Award. Mhemberero dzekuvhurwa kwemidziyo dzichaitwa gore rino paNokia Bell Labs campus muMurray Hill, New Jersey, uye paComputer History Museum muMountain View, California.
CHIP YAKASIYANA
Pane kutevedzera mwero weindasitiri wemachipisi e8-bit, vakuru veAT&T vakakurudzira mainjiniya eBell Labs kuti vagadzire chigadzirwa chitsva: microprocessor yekutanga yekutengeserana inokwanisa kutumira mabhiti makumi matatu nemaviri edata muchikamu chimwe chete chewachi. Izvi zvaisada chip itsva chete asiwo dhizaini itsva—iyo yaigona kubata shanduko yekutaurirana uye kushanda semusana wemasisitimu emakombiyuta emangwana.
"Hatisi kungogadzira chip inokurumidza," akadaro Michael Condry, anotungamira boka rekuvaka paBell Labs' Holmdel, New Jersey, facility. "Tiri kuedza kugadzira chip inogona kutsigira zvese izwi nekuverenga."
Panguva iyoyo, tekinoroji yeCMOS yaionekwa senzira inovimbisa asi ine njodzi panzvimbo pemagadzirirwo eNMOS nePMOS. Machipisi eNMOS aivimba nematransistors erudzi rweN, ayo aikurumidza asi aida simba, nepo machipisi ePMOS aivimba nekufamba kwemaburi ane chaji yakanaka, izvo zvainonoka. CMOS yakashandisa dhizaini yehybrid yaiwedzera kumhanya uku ichichengetedza simba. Mabhenefiti eCMOS aive anoshamisa zvekuti indasitiri yakakurumidza kuona kuti kunyangwe yaida matransistors akapetwa kaviri (NMOS nePMOS pagedhi rega rega), zvaive zvakakodzera.
Nekukura nekukurumidza kwetekinoroji yesemiconductor yakatsanangurwa neMoore's Law, mutengo wekuwedzera kaviri kwehuwandu hwetransistor wakava nyore uye pakupedzisira waisava mushe. Zvisinei, Bell Labs payakatanga mutambo uyu une njodzi huru, tekinoroji yakakura yekugadzira CMOS yakanga isina kusimbiswa uye mutengo wacho waive wakakwira.
Izvi hazvina kutyisa Bell Labs. Kambani iyi yakashandisa hunyanzvi hwemakampasi ayo muHolmdel, Murray Hill, neNaperville, Illinois, uye yakaunganidza "chikwata chezviroto" chemainjiniya ema semiconductor. Chikwata ichi chaisanganisira Condrey, Steve Conn, nyanzvi iri kukura mukugadzira machipisi, Victor Huang, mumwe mugadziri wema microprocessor, pamwe nevashandi vakawanda veAT&T Bell Labs. Vakatanga kudzidzira maitiro matsva eCMOS muna 1978 uye vakagadzira 32-bit microprocessor kubva pakutanga.
Tanga nekugadzira magadzirirwo
Condrey aimbove IEEE Fellow uye akazoshanda seChief Technology Officer weIntel. Chikwata chekuvaka chaaitungamira chakazvipira kuvaka sisitimu yaitsigira Unix operating system neC language. Panguva iyoyo, Unix neC language zvese zvaive zvichiri kutanga, asi zvaive zvakafanirwa kutonga. Kuti vapfuure muganho we memory we kilobytes (KB) panguva iyoyo, vakaunza seti yemirairo yakaoma yaida matanho mashoma ekuita uye yaigona kupedzisa mabasa mukati menguva imwe chete yewachi.
Mainjiniya vakagadzirawo machipisi anotsigira VersaModule Eurocard (VME) parallel bus, iyo inobvumira kugoverwa kwemakombiyuta uye inobvumira ma node akawanda kugadzirisa data panguva imwe chete. Machipisi anoenderana neVME anoagonesawo kushandiswa kudzora nguva chaiyo.
Chikwata chakanyora vhezheni yacho yeUnix uye chakaipa kugona kwayo kushanda panguva chaiyo kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti inoenderana nekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri uye mamwe mashandisirwo akafanana. Mainjiniya eBell Labs akagadzirawo domino logic, iyo yakawedzera kukurumidza kwekugadzirisa nekuderedza kunonoka kwemagedhi akaomarara elogic.
Mamwe matekiniki ekuyedza nekusimbisa akagadzirwa uye akaunzwa neBellmac-32 module, chirongwa chakaoma chekuongorora nemachipisi akawanda chakatungamirwa naJen-Hsun Huang chakawana zvikanganiso zve zero kana kuti pedyo ne zero mukugadzira machipisi akaoma. Iyi yaive yekutanga munyika yese yebvunzo yakakura kwazvo yekubatanidza machipisi (VLSI). Mainjiniya eBell Labs vakagadzira hurongwa hwakarongeka, vakaongorora kakawanda basa revamwe vavo, uye pakupedzisira vakashanda pamwe chete zvakanaka mumhuri dzakawanda dzemachipisi, zvichiguma nehurongwa hwe microcomputer hwakakwana.
Chinotevera chikamu chakaoma zvikuru: kugadzirwa kwechip chaiyo.
"Panguva iyoyo, marongerwo, kuyedza, uye matekinoroji ekugadzira ane goho guru zvaive zvishoma," anoyeuka Kang, uyo akazova purezidhendi weKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) uye mumwe weIEEE. Anoti kushaikwa kwezvishandiso zveCAD zvekusimbisa machipisi akazara kwakamanikidza timu kudhinda mifananidzo mikuru yeCalcomp. Aya madhirowa anoratidza kuti ma transistors, waya, uye ma interconnect zvinofanira kurongwa sei mukati mechipisi kuti zvipe goho raidiwa. Chikwata chakazviunganidza pasi netepi, zvichiita sikweya hombe ichidhirowa anopfuura mamita matanhatu padivi. Kang nevamwe vake vakadhirowa nemaoko dunhu rega rega nemapenzura ane mavara, vachitsvaga ma connection akatyoka uye ma interconnect akabatana kana asina kubatwa zvakanaka.
Pakapera kugadzirwa kwechinhu chacho, timu yakatarisana nerimwe dambudziko: kugadzira. Machipisi aya akagadzirwa pafekitori yeWestern Electric muAllentown, Pennsylvania, asi Kang anoyeuka kuti mwero wegoho (chikamu chemachipisi ari pawafer chaisangana nekushanda zvakanaka uye mwero wemhando yepamusoro) waive wakaderera zvikuru.
Kuti vagadzirise izvi, Kang nevamwe vake vaityaira mota vachienda kufekitori vachibva kuNew Jersey zuva rega rega, vachikwiza maoko avo uye vachiita zvese zvaidiwa, kusanganisira kutsvaira pasi nekushandisa michina yekuyedza, kuti vavake hukama uye vagutsikane nemunhu wese kuti chigadzirwa chakaoma kupfuura zvese chakamboedzwa nefekitori chaigona kugadzirwa ipapo.
"Maitiro ekuvaka timu akafamba zvakanaka," akadaro Kang. "Mushure memwedzi mishoma, Western Electric yakakwanisa kugadzira machipisi emhando yepamusoro akawanda kupfuura kudiwa."
Shanduro yekutanga yeBellmac-32 yakaburitswa muna 1980, asi yakakundikana kuita zvaitarisirwa. Kakawanda kayo kekushanda kwaingova 2 MHz chete, kwete 4 MHz. Mainjiniya vakaona kuti michina yekuyedza yeTakeda Riken yemazuva ano yavaishandisa panguva iyoyo yakanga isina kunaka, nemhedzisiro yemagetsi pakati peprobe nemusoro wekuyedza ichikonzera kuyera kusina kunaka. Vakashanda nechikwata cheTakeda Riken kugadzira tafura yekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvekuyera.
Machipisi eBellmac echizvarwa chechipiri aive nekumhanya kwewachi kunodarika 6.2 MHz, dzimwe nguva kusvika 9 MHz. Izvi zvaifungidzirwa kuti zvinokurumidza panguva iyoyo. Processor ye16-bit Intel 8088 iyo IBM yakaburitsa muPC yayo yekutanga muna 1981 yaive nekumhanya kwewachi kwe4.77 MHz chete.
Nei Bellmac-32 isina't kuva chinhu chikuru
Pasinei nevimbiso yayo, tekinoroji yeBellmac-32 haina kugamuchirwa zvakanyanya mukutengeserana. Sekureva kwaCondrey, AT&T yakatanga kutarisa kambani inogadzira michina yeNCR mukupera kwema1980 uye gare gare yakatendeukira kukutenga, zvichireva kuti kambani yakasarudza kutsigira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa zvechip. Panguva iyoyo, simba reBellmac-32 rakanga ratanga kukura.
"Bellmac-32 isati yasvika, NMOS ndiyo yaitonga musika," akadaro Condry. "Asi CMOS yakachinja mamiriro ezvinhu nekuti yakaratidza kuva nzira inoshanda yekuzviita munguva pfupi iri kutevera."
Nekufamba kwenguva, izvi zvakachinja indasitiri yema semiconductor. CMOS yaizova hwaro hwema microprocessors emazuva ano, ichipa simba rekuchinja kwedhijitari mumidziyo yakaita semakombiyuta edesktop nemafoni.
Kuedza kwakasimba kweBell Labs—vachishandisa nzira yekugadzira isina kuyedzwa uye yakatora chizvarwa chose chekugadzira machipisi—kwaive chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yetekinoroji.
Sezvakataurwa naProfessor Kang: “Taiva pamberi pezvaikwanisika. Takanga tisiri kungotevera nzira yaivapo, taitanga nzira itsva.” Purofesa Huang, uyo akazova mutevedzeri wemutungamiriri weSingapore Institute of Microelectronics uye ariwo IEEE Fellow, anowedzera kuti: “Izvi zvaisanganisira kwete chete magadzirirwo nemagadzirirwo emachip, asiwo kuongororwa kwemachip makuru - achishandisa CAD asi pasina maturusi emazuva ano ekufananidzira edhijitari kana kunyange mabhodhi ekudyara (nzira yakajairika yekutarisa dhizaini yedunhu remagetsi uchishandisa machip zvikamu zvedunhu zvisati zvabatanidzwa zvachose).”
Condry, Kang naHuang vanoyeuka nguva iyoyo nerudo uye vanoyemura hunyanzvi nekuzvipira kwevashandi vazhinji veAT&T avo vakaedza kuita kuti mhuri yemachipisi eBellmac-32 ikwanise kushanda.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-19-2025