Nhau dzeIndasitiri: GPU inokwidza kudiwa kwemasilicon wafers

Silicon ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinhu paPasi, mushure meokisijeni, uye yechinomwe yakajairika zvinhu pasirese.Silicon is semiconductor, zvichireva kuti ine zvinhu zvemagetsi pakati pemakondakita (semhangura) nema insulators (segirazi).Hushoma hwemaatomu ekunze muchimiro chesilicon chinogona kushandura maitiro ayo, saka kuchena kwesilicon semiconductor-giredhi kunofanirwa kunge kwakakwira zvinoshamisa.Iyo inogamuchirwa yakaderera kuchena kwemagetsi-giredhi silicon i99.999999%.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti atomu imwe chete isiri-silicon inotenderwa pamaatomu emabhiriyoni gumi.Mvura yakanaka yekunwa inobvumira mamirioni makumi mana asiri emvura mamorekuru, ayo ane 50 miriyoni nguva shoma shoma pane semiconductor-giredhi silicon.

Vagadziri veSilicon Wafer Vagadziri vanofanirwa kushandura yakakwirira-kuchena silicon kuita yakakwana-yekristaro zvimiro.Izvi zvinoitwa nekuunza kristaro yaamai vasina murume musilicon yakanyungudutswa pane tembiricha yakakodzera.Sezvo makristasi emwanasikana anotanga kukura achitenderedza mai crystal, iyo ingot yesilicon inoumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva musilicon yakanyungudutswa.Maitiro acho anononoka uye anogona kutora svondo.Siricon ingot yapera inorema 100 kilograms uye inogona kugadzira mawafer anopfuura zviuru zvitatu.

Mawafer anochekwa kuita zvimedu zvitete achishandisa waya yakanaka kwazvo yedhaimani.Iyo chaiyo yesilicon yekucheka maturusi yakakwira zvakanyanya, uye vashandisi vanofanirwa kugara vachitariswa, kana kuti vanozotanga kushandisa maturusi kuita zvinhu zvisina musoro kubvudzi ravo.Nhanganyaya pfupi yekugadzirwa kwesilicon wafers yakarerutswa uye haina kukwereta zvizere zvipo zvevanyanzvi;asi inotarisirwa kupa kumashure kwekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwebhizinesi resilicon wafer.

Iyo yekugovera uye yekuda hukama hwesilicon wafers

Musika wesilicon wafer unotongwa nemakambani mana.Kwenguva yakareba, musika wanga uri muhunyoro pakati pekupa uye kudiwa.
Kudzikira kwekutengesa semiconductor muna 2023 kwakonzera kuti musika uve mukuwanda, zvichikonzera kuti ma chip evagadziri vemukati nekunze ave akakwira.Zvisinei, aya anongova mamiriro ezvinhu echinguvana.Sezvo musika uchidzoka, indasitiri ichakurumidza kudzoka kumucheto wehuwandu uye inofanirwa kusangana nekuwedzera kudiwa kwakaunzwa neiyo AI shanduko.Shanduko kubva kune yechinyakare CPU-yakavakirwa architecture kuenda kukurumidza komputa ichave nemhedzisiro paindasitiri yese, seZvisinei, izvi zvinogona kuve nemhedzisiro kune yakaderera-kukosha zvikamu zveiyo semiconductor indasitiri.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) zvivakwa zvinoda imwe nzvimbo yesilicon

Sezvo kudiwa kwekuita kuchiwedzera, vagadziri veGPU vanofanirwa kukurira zvimwe zvipimo zvekugadzira kuti vawane kuita kwepamusoro kubva kumaGPU.Zviripachena, kuita kuti chip ive yakakura ndiyo imwe nzira yekuwana kuita kwepamusoro, sezvo maerekitironi asingafarire kufamba madaro marefu pakati pemachipi akasiyana, ayo anoganhura kuita.Nekudaro, pane chidziviriro chinoshanda chekugadzira iyo chip yakakura, inozivikanwa se "retina muganho".

Muganhu welithography unoreva hukuru hwehukuru hwechipi hunogona kuburitswa munhanho imwe chete mumushini welithography unoshandiswa mukugadzira semiconductor.Uku kuganhurirwa kunotarwa nehukuru hwemagineti saizi yemidziyo yelithography, kunyanya stepper kana scanner inoshandiswa mukuita lithography.Kune yazvino tekinoroji, iyo mask muganho inowanzotenderedza 858 square millimeters.Uku kudzikamisa saizi kwakakosha nekuti inosarudza nzvimbo yepamusoro inogona kuenzanisirwa pawafer mune imwe chete kuratidzwa.Kana iyo wafer yakakura kupfuura muganho uyu, kufumurwa kwakawanda kunozodiwa kuti unyatso gadzira wafer, izvo zvisingaite pakugadzirwa kwakawanda nekuda kwekuoma uye kurongeka kwematambudziko.Iyo itsva GB200 ichakunda iyi mhedziso nekubatanidza maviri chip substrates ane particle size mipimo musilicon interlayer, ichigadzira super-particle-limited substrate iyo yakakura zvakapetwa kaviri.Zvimwe zvipimo zvekuita huwandu hwendangariro uye chinhambwe chendangariro iyoyo (kureva bandwidth yendangariro).Zvivakwa zveGPU zvitsva zvinokunda dambudziko iri nekushandisa yakaturikidzana yakakwira-bandwidth memory (HBM) iyo yakaiswa pane imwecheteyo silicon interposer ine maviri maGPU machipi.Kubva pakuona kwesilicon, dambudziko neHBM nderekuti imwe neimwe chidimbu chesilicon nzvimbo yakapetwa kaviri iyo yechinyakare DRAM nekuda kweiyo yepamusoro-parallel interface inodiwa kune yakakwira bandwidth.HBM inosanganisawo logic control chip mune yega yega stack, ichiwedzera iyo silicon nzvimbo.Kuverengera kwakakasharara kunoratidza kuti nzvimbo yesilicon inoshandiswa mu2.5D GPU yekuvakisa ndeye 2.5 kusvika 3 nguva yeiyo yechinyakare 2.0D architecture.Sezvambotaurwa, kunze kwekunge makambani ekutanga akagadzirira shanduko iyi, silicon wafer kugona inogona kusimba zvakare.

Ramangwana kugona kwesilicon wafer musika

Yekutanga yemitemo mitatu yekugadzira semiconductor ndeyekuti mari yakawanda inoda kuiswa kana mari shoma iripo.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekutenderera kweindasitiri, uye makambani esemiconductor ane nguva yakaoma kutevera mutemo uyu.Sezvinoratidzwa pamufananidzo, vagadziri vazhinji vesilicon wafer vakaziva kukanganisa kweshanduko iyi uye vakada kupeta nekatatu mari yavo yese yekota muzvikamu zvishoma zvapfuura.Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emusika, izvi zvichiri zvakadaro.Chinotonyanya kufadza ndechekuti maitiro aya ave nenguva refu achiitika.Makambani eSilicon wafer ane rombo rakanaka kana kuziva chimwe chinhu chisingazivikanwe nevamwe.Iyo semiconductor yekugovera cheni inguva muchina unogona kufanotaura ramangwana.Ramangwana rako rinogona kunge rakapfuura remumwe munhu.Nepo isu tisingawanzo kuwana mhinduro, isu kazhinji tinowana mibvunzo yakakosha.