Nhau dzeIndasitiri: GPU inosimudzira kudiwa kwema silicon wafers

Silicon ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kushandiswa pasi rose, mushure meokisijeni, uye ndiyo yechinomwe inonyanya kushandiswa pasi rose. Silicon imhando ye semiconductor, zvichireva kuti ine hunhu hwemagetsi pakati pema conductor (akadai semhangura) uye ma insulators (akadai segirazi). Huwandu hushoma hwemaatomu ekunze ari muchimiro che silicon hunogona kuchinja maitiro ayo, saka kuchena kwe semiconductor-grade silicon kunofanira kunge kwakakwira zvinoshamisa. Kuchena kunogamuchirwa kwe electronic-grade silicon i99.999999%.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti atomu imwe chete isiri silicon ndiyo inotenderwa pamaatomu gumi ega ega. Mvura yakanaka yekunwa inobvumira mamorekuru asiri emvura anosvika mamiriyoni makumi mana, ayo asina kuchena zvakapetwa mamiriyoni makumi mashanu pane silicon yemhando yesemiconductor.

Vagadziri vesilicon wafer vasina chinhu vanofanira kushandura silicon yakachena kwazvo kuita magadzirirwo akakwana ekristaro imwe chete. Izvi zvinoitwa nekuisa kristaro yaamai imwe chete musilicon yakanyungudutswa patembiricha yakakodzera. Sezvo makristaro matsva anotanga kukura akatenderedza kristaro yaamai, silicon ingot inoumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kusilicon yakanyungudutswa. Maitiro acho anononoka uye anogona kutora vhiki. Silicon ingot yakapedzwa inorema makirogiramu angangoita zana uye inogona kugadzira mawafer anopfuura zviuru zvitatu.

Mawafer anochekwa kuita zvidimbu zvitete achishandisa waya yedhaimani yakapfava. Kunyatsoshanda kwezvishandiso zvekucheka nesilicon kwakanyanya, uye vanozviita vanofanira kugara vachitariswa, kana kuti vanotanga kushandisa zvishandiso izvi kuita zvinhu zvisina musoro kubvudzi ravo. Sumo pfupi yekugadzirwa kwemawafer esilicon yakareruka zvakanyanya uye haipe rumbidzo kune hunyanzvi; asi zvinotarisirwa kupa ruzivo rwekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwebhizinesi rewafer yesilicon.

Hukama hwekuwanikwa uye kudiwa kwe silicon wafers

Musika wesilicon wafer unotongwa nemakambani mana. Kwenguva yakareba, musika wacho wave uri pakati pekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinodiwa uye zvinodiwa.
Kuderera kwekutengeswa kwemaseconductor muna 2023 kwakaita kuti musika uve mumamiriro ekuwanda kwezvinhu, zvichiita kuti zvinhu zvemukati nekunze zvevagadziri vemachip zvive zvakakwirira. Zvisinei, izvi zvinongova mamiriro ezvinhu enguva pfupi. Sezvo musika uchidzoka, indasitiri ichakurumidza kudzokera padanho rekukwanisa uye inofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakawedzerwa nekuchinja kweAI. Kuchinja kubva pakugadzira zvinhu zveCPU-based architecture kuenda kuanokurumidza computing kuchava nemhedzisiro paindasitiri yese, sezvo Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kukanganisa zvikamu zveindasitiri yesemiconductor zvisingakoshi.

Magadzirirwo eGraphics Processing Unit (GPU) anoda nzvimbo yakawanda yesilicon

Sezvo kudiwa kwekushanda kuri kuwedzera, vagadziri veGPU vanofanira kukunda zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvekugadzira kuti vawane kushanda kwepamusoro kubva kumaGPU. Zviri pachena kuti, kuita kuti chip ive yakakura inzira imwe yekuwana kushanda kwepamusoro, sezvo maerekitironi asingade kufamba daro refu pakati pemachipisi akasiyana, izvo zvinoderedza kushanda. Zvisinei, pane muganho unoshanda wekuita kuti chip ive yakakura, unozivikanwa se "retina limit".

Muganho we lithography unoreva saizi yepamusoro ye chip inogona kuratidzwa muchikamu chimwe chete mumuchina we lithography unoshandiswa mukugadzira semiconductor. Muganho uyu unotsanangurwa nehukuru hwemagnetic field yemidziyo ye lithography, kunyanya stepper kana scanner inoshandiswa mu lithography process. Kune tekinoroji yazvino, muganho we mask unowanzo kuve 858 square millimeters. Muganho uyu wehukuru wakakosha nekuti unosarudza nzvimbo yepamusoro inogona kuumbwa pattern pa wafer mu exposure imwe chete. Kana wafer yakakura kupfuura muganho uyu, exposure dzakawanda dzichadiwa kuti pattern yakazara wafer, izvo zvisingashande pakugadzira zvakawanda nekuda kwekuoma uye matambudziko ekuenzanisa. GB200 itsva ichakunda muganho uyu nekubatanidza ma chip substrates maviri ane particle size limitations mu silicon interlayer, ichigadzira super-particle-limited substrate yakakura kaviri. Zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvekushanda huwandu hwe memory uye daro re memory iyoyo (kureva memory bandwidth). Magadzirirwo matsva eGPU anokunda dambudziko iri nekushandisa stacked high-bandwidth memory (HBM) yakaiswa pane silicon interposer imwechete ine maGPU chips maviri. Kubva pamaonero esilicon, dambudziko neHBM nderekuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chenzvimbo yesilicon chakapetwa kaviri pane cheDRAM yechinyakare nekuda kweinterface yakakwira inodiwa pakuwedzera bandwidth. HBM inobatanidzawo logic control chip mu stack yega yega, zvichiwedzera nzvimbo yesilicon. Kuverenga kwakadzama kunoratidza kuti nzvimbo yesilicon inoshandiswa mu2.5D GPU architecture yakapetwa kaviri kusvika katatu pane ye2.0D architecture yechinyakare. Sezvambotaurwa, kunze kwekunge makambani ekugadzira foundry akagadzirira shanduko iyi, kugona kwesilicon wafer kunogona kuoma zvakare.

Kugona kwemusika wesilicon wafer mune ramangwana

Mutemo wekutanga pamitemo mitatu yekugadzira michina ye semiconductor ndewekuti mari yakawanda inofanirwa kuiswa kana mari shoma iripo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti indasitiri iyi inoshanda sei, uye makambani e semiconductor ari kuomerwa nekutevera mutemo uyu. Sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo, vagadziri vazhinji ve silicon wafer vakaona kukanganiswa kwekuchinja uku uye vakawedzera zvakapetwa katatu mari yavo yese yekota muzvikamu zvidiki zvapfuura. Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emusika, izvi zvichiri kuitika. Chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti maitiro aya ave achienderera mberi kwenguva yakareba. Makambani e silicon wafer ane rombo rakanaka kana kuti anoziva chimwe chinhu chisingazivikanwe nevamwe. Semiconductor supply chain inguva inogona kufanotaura ramangwana. Ramangwana rako rinogona kunge riri remumwe munhu. Kunyange zvazvo tisingawanzowana mhinduro, tinowanzowana mibvunzo inokosha.